Oriental fruit fly

Bactrocera dorsalis

Profile

The Oriental fruit fly is an important non-native pest of fruit of many different fruit and vegetable crops and is one of the priority quarantine pests in the European Union. The feeding of the larvae (maggots) destroys the flesh of the fruit and makes the fruit inedible.

Appearance

The Oriental fruit fly belongs to the fruit fly family (Tephritidae). The species is known by a number of synonyms, including Bactrocera invadens, B. papayae, and B. philippinensis. It is the central species in the species complex of the same name(Bactrocera dorsalis complex), which includes a large number of species, some of which are barely distinguishable.

The adult flies are about 5 mm in size and are predominantly black or dark colored, but also have yellow colored areas, such as a yellow dorsal shield. The wings have a continuous dark stripe along the anterior edge of the wing.

The larvae (maggots) are white to cream colored, up to 1 cm long in the last larval stage, and have a black mouth hook.

Biology

The females of the oriental fruit fly lay eggs under the skin of ripening fruit. The larvae hatch from these eggs, where they feed and develop. They then leave the fruit and drop to the ground. Pupation takes place in the soil under the host plant and the adults hatch from the pupae. The entire development cycle is temperature-dependent and lasts only a few weeks under optimal conditions (23 °C - 32 °C). The adults can live for several months and the females lay several hundred eggs during this time.

Damage symptoms

Infested fruits have puncture marks from egg laying. The feeding larvae are found in the fruit and destroy the flesh. As a result, this can also lead to rotting of the fruit. This can cause significant damage to the interior of the fruit even before symptoms are readily visible externally. In early stages of infestation, any symptoms of damage are difficult to detect. Since this fruit fly species only attacks fruit, there is no damage to other parts of the plant, such as leaves, trunk, branches or roots.

Host plants

The Oriental fruit fly is a highly polyphagous fruit fly (i.e., it can feed on many different plants) and has the broadest host plant range of any Bactrocera species, with over 300 different plant species on whose fruits development is possible.

Major host plants include mangoes(Magnifera indica), oranges(Citrus sinensi), and other citrus fruits. However, a variety of wild and cultivated plants would also potentially be available in Europe such as peach(Prunus persica), apricot(P. armeniaca), plum(P. domestica), apple (Malus domestica), pear(Pyrus spp.) as well as tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), bell pepper(Capsicum spp.) and other fruit-bearing plant species.

Distribution

The Oriental fruit fly is native to tropical Asia and Oceania and has been recorded in sub-Saharan Africa. The presence on the African continent is likely to be due to introductions during the past two decades. Individual introductions are also known for other regions and continents, e.g. the United Arab Emirates. In Austria, individual specimens of the Oriental fruit fly have been found in recent years. However, these are not established populations. Establishment of this tropical fruit fly species can currently be ruled out due to winter weather conditions in Austria. Also from other countries of the European Union no established population is known so far.

Propagation and transmission

The spread of the oriental fruit fly can be active or passive. The most important way of spreading is by means of infested fruits (merchandise, luggage of travelers) to previously uninfested areas. In addition, the oriental fruit fly can be spread passively by wind dispersal over long distances. Active dispersal occurs through the flight of adults.

Economic importance

The Oriental fruit fly is one of the most important damaging fruit fly species in the world and, once introduced, can potentially cause extensive damage to the fruit of host plants.

Prevention and control

  • Detection of occurrence (monitoring): Attachment of suitable fruit fly traps (e.g. Delta traps, McPhail traps, ...) to trap the adults using specific attractants:
    • parapheromone (methyl eugenol) for attracting males
    • protein-based, for attracting female flies
  • Currently there are no plant protection products approved against this pest in Austria (see list of plant protection products approved in Austria).

Please observe the obligation to notify in case of occurrence and contact the Official Plant Protection Service.

Phytosanitary status

Non-European fruit flies (Tephritidae) such as Bactrocera dorsalis are listed as Union quarantine pests of the European Union and are thus subject to legal regulations to prevent their introduction and spread into or within the member states of the EU. Please observe the obligation to notify in case of an occurrence and contact theofficial plant protection service of your federal state.

Specialized information

Research

Monitoring of the occurrence of these and other important fruit fly species in Austria has been carried out continuously by us and the official plant protection services of the federal states since 2012.

In addition, we participate in various European and international cooperations and projects on fruit flies:

EUPHRESCO network project FLY DETECT

Publications

Milonas, P., Egartner, A., Ivanova, I., 2020. development and implementation of early detection tools and effective management strategies for invasive non-European and other selected fruit fly species of economic importance (FLY DETECT). Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3732297

Egartner, A., Lethmayer, C., Gottsberger, R. A., Blümel, S., 2019. survey on Bactrocera spp. (Tephritidae, Diptera) in Austria. OEPP/EPPO Bulletin 49(3). https://doi.org/10.1111/epp.12604

Lethmayer, C., Egartner, A., 2019. invasive flies in domestic fruit production. Better Fruit 8, 7-8.

Last updated: 25.05.2023

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